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DYSMENORRHEA
WHAT IS DYSMENORRHEA? |
Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual condition characterized by severe and frequent menstrual cramps and pain associated with menstruation. Dysmenorrhea may be classified as primary or secondary.
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| CAUSES AND SYMPTOMS |
Dysmenorrhea is called "primary" when there is no specific abnormality, and "secondary" when the pain is caused by an underlying gynecological problem. It is believed that primary dysmenorrhea occurs when hormone-like substances called "prostaglandins" produced by uterine tissue trigger strong muscle contractions in the uterus during menstruation. However, the level of prostaglandins does not seem to have anything to do with how strong a woman's cramps are. Some women have high levels of prostaglandins and no cramps, whereas other women with low levels have severe cramps. This is why experts assume that cramps must also be related to other things (such as genetics, stress, and different body types) in addition to prostaglandins. The first year or two of a girl's periods are not usually very painful. However, once ovulation begins, the blood levels of the prostaglandins rise, leading to stronger contractions. Secondary dysmenorrhea may be caused by endometriosis, fibroid tumors, or an infection in the pelvis. The likelihood that a woman will have cramps increases if she:
Symptoms include a dull, throbbing cramping in the lower abdomen that may radiate to the lower back and thighs. In addition, some women may experience nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, irritability, sweating, or dizziness. Cramps usually last for two or three days at the beginning of each menstrual period. Many women often notice their painful periods disappear after they have their first child, probably due to the stretching of the opening of the uterus or because the birth improves the uterine blood supply and muscle activity. |
| PREVENTION FOR DYSMENORRHEA |
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| WHO'S AT A GREATER RISK FOR DYSMENORRHEA? |
Risk factors that increase a woman’s chance of developing primary dysmenorrhea include:
Some studies also found that obesity and alcohol consumption were associated with dysmenorrhea symptoms like stomach cramps and painful periods, but findings were not conclusive. Having one of the following conditions increases a woman’s chance of developing dysmenorrhea:
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